An assessment of child immunization coverage and its. Factors associated with incomplete childhood immunization. The expanded programme on immunization benefits of immunization. Whoafro estimated that about five million children were. Pdf on jan 1, 2002, mesfin addisie and others published expanded program in immunization for the ethiopian health center team module find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. More emphasis should be given to the highland areas of the. The objective of this study was to identify determinant factors of incomplete childhood immunization in arbegona district, sidama zone, southern ethiopia. The pie tool is designed for immunization managers in countries that have introduced a new or underutilized vaccine. Vaccine innovations have been cultivated to tackle emerging and reemerging diseases 5, 6 and combat antimicrobial.
Migration, community context, and child immunization in. Due to ongoing outbreaks, all travellers should ensure their measles vaccinations are uptodate prior to travel. Full immunization coverage and its associated factors. The expanded program on immunization epi in pakistan protects against eight vaccinepreventable diseases and immunizes children below 23 months of. Ethiopia polio program transition plan 20182022 acknowledgement the ethiopia polio transition planning committee would like to thank in particular. However, the coverage in the first 20 years was very low although during the 1990s good progress was observed through universal child immunization uci. Global policies for immunization and establishment of the goal of providing universal immunization for all children by 1990 were established in 1977, this goal. The expanded programme on immunization remains committed to its goal of universal access to all relevant vaccines for all at risk. Expanded program of immunization epi in ethiopia, 19801992 ethiopia has been engaged in expanding immunization services against the six childhood diseases since 1980. Vaccinepreventable diseases the pink book pdf 10th ed. Although the goal is to provide up to 2 doses of each vaccine, the vaccines.
The expanded program on immunization epi in pakistan protects against eight vaccinepreventable diseases and immunizes children below 23 months of age. Extended program on immunization epi coverage in selected. In ethiopia, vaccination programs averted 23% of deaths among children 3. Pdf on jan 1, 2002, mesfin addisie and others published expanded program in immunization for the ethiopian health center team module find. In order to improve its accessibility to children worldwide, the world health organization who launched the expanded program on immunization epi in 1974 with as objective to prevent seven of the most serious diseases. The main reasons for defaulting from the immunization program are poor counseling of mothers. Immunization cmyp is a key strategic and management document for national immunization programs that provide national goals, objectives and strategic. Vaccinations are given in static, outreach and mobile health facilities. The new cmyp 20162020 is the result of the collaborative work of the federal ministry of health.
Expanded program on immunisation epi infant mortality and under five mortality rates in ethiopia are among the highest in the world. Expanded program of immunization coverage and associated factors. The underfive and infant mortality rates in 2014 were 64 and 44. S government usg have made great strides to increase and expand access of quality health services to ethiopians nationwide. The expanded program for immunization epi was launched by the ethiopian. Expanded program of immunization epi was launched by who in 1974 with the objectives of reducing morbidity and mortality from six vpds.
From 20 to 2014, the number of health centers and health posts increased with more than 90 percent of health facilities providing immunization services. Immunization averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. Since its inception in the 1970s, the world health organizations expanded program on. Vaccine preventable diseases and immunization programs. Efy ethiopia fiscal year phcu primary health careunit epi expanded program on immunization phs potential health service flhw female health workers phrd policy and human resource development fmoh federal ministry of health ppd planning. Factors associated with full immunization of children 1223 months. The expanded programme on immunization was launched in 1980 with the objective of increasing the coverage by 10% annually. The relationships between explanatory variables, including sociodemographic and healthcare utilization factors, and various reasons a child was not vaccinated were assessed with raoscott chisquare tests. Minhaj ul haque, muhammad waheed, tayyeb masud, wasim shahid malick, hammad yunus, rahul rekhi, robert oelrichs, and oleg kucheryavenko. The expanded program on immunisation epi started in ethiopia in.
Covid19 and cruise ship travel april 20, 2020 cdc recommends that travelers defer all cruise travel worldwide global covid19 pandemic notice april 20, 2020 widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus. As a result, ethiopia achieved the mdg4 goal of reducing underfive mortality by 23 from the 1990 baseline in 2012 three years before the 2015 target year. Each year, immunization averts an estimated 23 million deaths from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. This revised edition of immunization in practice is the result of team work between who and other gavi alliance partners, particularly unicef, cdc, program for appropriate technologies in health path and john snow incorporated jsi, and many other individuals who are committed to improving immunization services throughout the world. Childhood immunization, defaulter, ethiopia, health systems, tracking. The program was implemented under the ministry of health moh until july 11, 2011, when amendment 18 to the constitution devolved health as a subject completely to the provinces. Ethiopia has been engaged in expanding immunization services against the six childhood diseases since 1980. Ethiopia started the epi program in 1980 with a longerterm goal of achieving 90% dpt3 coverage in all regions through strategies of reaching every district red and sustainable outreach service sos. Who ethiopia continued to support strengthening the expanded program on immunization in ethiopia. Educating mother, promoting institution delivery could help to maintain and enhance current immunization coverage. Coverage, opportunity and challenges of expanded program on. In ethiopia, the expanded program on immunization epi schedule is rarely completed as planned and the full immunization rate is only 24 %. Contact your healthcare practitioner if you are unsure of your vaccination status. Pdf expanded program in immunization for the ethiopian.
The programme aims to expand the targeted groups to include older children, adolescents and adults and work in synergy with other public health programmes in order to control disease and achieve better health for. Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program core. The expanded programme on immunization epi was established in 1974 through a world health assembly resolution resolution wha27. Ethiopia, kenya, malaysia, nepal, and thailand, 20. Expanded program of immunization coverage and associated. Expanded program of immunization coverage and associated factors among children age 12 23 months in arba minch town and zuria district, southern ethiopia, 20 worku animaw1, wondimagegn taye2, behailu merdekios3, marilign tilahun3 and gistane ayele3 abstract background. This postintroduction evaluation pie tool provides a systematic method for evaluating the impact of the introduction of a vaccine on the existing immunization system in a country. The objective of this study was to measure the immunization. Epi expanded program on immunization pfsa pharmaceutical funds supply agency.
The expanded programme on immunization epi began in 1974 when the world health assembly pledged to ensure that all children in all countries receive lifesaving vaccines. The expanded program on immunization epi was established in 1976 to ensure that infantschildren and mothers have access to routinely recommended infantchildhood vaccines. Despite increased vaccination coverage over the past four decades in many african countries, including ethiopia, universal coverage has not yet been reached. In 2011, nearly 107 million infants 83% worldwide received at least 3 doses of dtp vaccine. An expanded immunization program for usbound refugees. Low immunization coverage in wonago district, southern ethiopia. Refugees and, where possible, visa 93 applicants at participating sites are offered immunizations depending on age, vaccine history, and eligibility. Only 39% of children aged 1223 months received full vaccinations in ethiopia. Low immunization coverage in wonago district, southern. This analysis uses data from ethiopias 2012 expanded program on immunization coverage survey. Similarly, the who and unicef the alma ata declaration have called for expanding child immunization in the developing world. In may 1974, the world health organization who created the expanded program on immunization epi to increase vaccine coverage among children throughout the world. The first diseases targeted by the epi were diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis and tuberculosis. Experiences, challenges, and lessons learned from an.
Routine immunizations outbreak measles cases have been reported from ethiopia. Pdf expanded program in immunization for the ethiopian health. According to plans set at the beginning of the program, the country should have achieved. Immunization is unquestionably one of the most costeffective public health interventions available. The program had been planned to make immunization services available to 10% of the population in 1980 and to increase immunization access by 10% each year. Immunization coverage in ethiopia is less than the herd immunity level desired to prevent the spread of eight target diseases targeted by the world health organizations expanded program of immunization. However, attaining the sustainable development goal for reducing under5 mortality from 59 deaths in 2015 to 25 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2030 will require improved child health services and ensuring that all children are receiving all doses of each vaccine included in the expanded program on immunization at the appropriate time.
The expanded program on immunization epi was established by the world health organization who in 1974 to provide protection against six vaccinepreventable diseases through routine infant immunization. Intensi ed efforts were conducted in training on supportive supervision and immunization in practice. Expanded program on immunization epi began by world health organization who. This information should be available from the road to health card and from the under five register see secondary tools box. Review of the gambia expanded programme on immunization, august september 2001 page 2 table of content acronyms 4 executive summary 6 1. The table below describes the overseas immunization schedule for u. Six vaccinepreventable diseases were initially included in the epi. The routine immunization program that started with six antigens expanded its service by increasing the number of vaccines to 12.
Communicating with caretakers and communities for improved routine immunization coverage. To understand the low uptake of immunization services, experts took a step back to investigate and document reasons why immunizations are not being used. Ethiopia national expanded programme on immunization federal ministry of health addis ababa. Expanded program on immunization department of health. Since then, many new vaccines have become available and global public funding for immunization, including the global alliance for vaccines. Cdc global health immunization new and underused vaccines. Vaccination timeliness among newborns and infants in ethiopia. The world health organization who initiated the expanded program on immunization epi in may 1974 with the objective to vaccinate children throughout the world ten years later, in 1984, the who established a standardized vaccination schedule for the original epi vaccines. Vaccination has greatly lowered the burden of infectious diseases since the start of the expanded program on immunization epi by the world health organization who in 1974, reducing mortality, morbidity, and saving resources 1,2,3,4. Usg ethiopia program overview november 2012 overview since the development of ethiopias first national health policy in the mid1990s, ethiopia and the u.
The expanded program on immunization epi was launched in 1974 as a global program for controlling and reducing death from vaccine preventable diseases vpds. To access the questionnaires please open the attachment on the left panel of your pdf. Coverage, opportunity, and challenges of expanded program. Expanded program on immunization epi 2018 epi annual report who ethiopia continued to support strengthening the expanded program on immunization in ethiopia. Despite various initiatives and campaigns over the years, immunization coverage dpt 3 1 in most parts of ethiopia remains low 41. Expanded program of immunization epi was all provided in health centers and. In particular, the somali region of the country still has by far the lowest level of immunization coverage. Improving immunization capacity in ethiopia through.
Expanded program of immunization epi coverage at arba minch town and arba minch zuria district is better than the national immunization coverage but still below the goal. First, the afar region is remote with very poor road. The goal of epi in ethiopia at the beginning was to increase immunization coverage by 10% annually and achieve. Diarrhoeal diseases, vaccine preventable diseases vpds and malnutrition are responsible for a majority of childhood deaths in ethiopia. Thus, vaccine coverage is estimated as by convention with diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus3 dpt3 coverage achieved among children aged 12 to 23 months 1, 2. Introduction immunization is a costeffective intervention that prevented more than 5 million deaths worldwide from 2010 to 2015. The expanded program on immunization was launched in ethiopia in 1980, to achieve universal child immunization by the year 1990. Working together with the government at all levels and partners, several achievements were registered since the launching of the epi program. In ethiopia, only 39% of children 1223 months of age were fully vaccinated. The success of the smallpox eradication program, based largely on an international vaccination campaign, prompted who to implement similar campaigns to eradicate other diseases. Kebede worku, state minister, federal ministry of health, who authorized this polio program.
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